Programmability

Novel infrastructure with complex designs often give rise to new bugs, weaknesses, and attack vectors that are difficult to identify.

Current blockchains are still vastly behind modern computing standards. No existing protocols are even close to handling internet-scale transaction volumes.

Most real-world applications require privacy. Recent advancements are paving the way for private data & computation, but the designs still leave room for improvement.

Compared to traditional web2 backend services, the experience of developing web3 protocols is still overwhelmingly constrained.

Today's infrastructure seems increasingly scattered. Safe interoperability - let alone atomic composability - between different systems is yet to be solved.

A large share of computational resources are not spent on business logic but on consensus and p2p. A more efficient use of energy & computational resources is vital.